43,118 research outputs found
Cirrus parameterisation and the role of ice nuclei.
A parametrization of cirrus clouds formed by homogeneous nucleation is improved so that it can be used more easily in general-circulation models (GCMs) and climate models. The improved parametrization is completely analytical and requires no fitting of parameters to models or measurements; it compares well with full microphysical model results even when monodisperse aerosol particles are used in the parametrization to determine cirrus ice-crystal number densities. However, the presence of ice nuclei in the atmosphere can modify the formation of cirrus clouds. If sufficient ice particles have been generated by heterogeneous nucleation, the saturation ratio of the air parcel will never reach that required for homogeneous nucleation. We calculate the critical number density of ice nuclei, above which homogeneous nucleation will be suppressed. The critical number density depends on the temperature, the updraught velocity, and the supersaturation at which ice nuclei activate. The theory points to key uncertainties in our observations of ice nuclei in the upper troposphere; for ice nuclei that activate at relatively low supersaturations, number density is more important than a precise knowledge of the activation supersaturation. Overall, the theory provides a general framework within which to interpret observations and the results of full microphysical cloud models. The theory can provide analytical test cases as benchmarks for the testing of models in development, and can be implemented itself into larger-scale atmospheric models, such as GCMs. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Societ
Vanishing Integral Relations and Expectation Values for Bloch Functions in Finite Domains
Integral identities for particular Bloch functions in finite periodic systems
are derived. All following statements are proven for a finite domain consisting
of an integer number of unit cells. It is shown that matrix elements of
particular Bloch functions with respect to periodic differential operators
vanish identically. The real valuedness, the time-independence and a summation
property of the expectation values of periodic differential operators applied
to superpositions of specific Bloch functions are derived.Comment: 10 page
Large enhancement of the effective second-order nonlinearity in graphene metasurfaces
Using a powerful homogenization technique, one- and two-dimensional graphene
metasurfaces are homogenized both at the fundamental frequency (FF) and second
harmonic (SH). In both cases, there is excellent agreement between the
predictions of the homogenization method and those based on rigorous numerical
solutions of Maxwell equations. The homogenization technique is then employed
to demonstrate that, owing to a double-resonant plasmon excitation mechanism
that leads to strong, simultaneous field enhancement at the FF and SH, the
effective second-order susceptibility of graphene metasurfaces can be enhanced
by more than three orders of magnitude as compared to the intrinsic
second-order susceptibility of a graphene sheet placed on the same substrate.
In addition, we explore the implications of our results on the development of
new active nanodevices that incorporate nanopatterned graphene structures.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figure
Temperature enhanced effects of ozone on cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US communities, 1987-2000 - assessment using the NMMAPS data
A few studies examined interactive effects between air pollution and temperature on health outcomes. This study is to examine if temperature modified effects of ozone and cardiovascular mortality in 95 large US cities. A nonparametric and a parametric regression models were separately used to explore interactive effects of temperature and ozone on cardiovascular mortality during May and October, 1987-2000. A Bayesian meta-analysis was used to pool estimates. Both models illustrate that temperature enhanced the ozone effects on mortality in the northern region, but obviously in the southern region. A 10-ppb increment in ozone was associated with 0.41 % (95% posterior interval (PI): -0.19 %, 0.93 %), 0.27 % (95% PI: -0.44 %, 0.87 %) and 1.68 % (95% PI: 0.07 %, 3.26 %) increases in daily cardiovascular mortality corresponding to low, moderate and high levels of temperature, respectively. We concluded that temperature modified effects of ozone, particularly in the northern region
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